Building energy system of carbon neutrality cities（3）: Load

This article is the third in a series of articles on the building energy system of carbon neutrality cities. The carbon neutralized urban energy system should realize the “two alternatives”, that is, the renewable energy replacement in energy production and the electric substitution in energy consumption. Therefore, there are two key points on load analysis requirements. First, the electrification of the building makes the building heating and cooling load closely combined with the electrical load. Second, the large-scale application of renewable energy causes that the power system changes its focus from originally variable load is only in the demand side to be both in the demand side and the supply side, and the buildings become the most important providers of grid flexibility. The article summarizes the characteristics of electricity load and heating/cooling load analysis under this situation, and explains the similarities and differences in the technical paths of power load analysis and building heating/cooling load analysis. The article focuses on the heating/cooling load backcasting method under the background of the building energy consumption quota, as well as the concept and generating method of “equivalent full load hours”. Finally, the technical pathway of heating/cooling load forecasting for providing flexibility to the power grid is presented.